dos.2 Complications with current analysis

Since dowry was legally banned for the India and you will Bangladesh, someone constantly hesitate to tell you specific dowry amounts. The quality question towards the dowry from the Indian dataset requires regarding community-founded dowry. Particularly, new India People Creativity Survey asks “Essentially in your neighborhood having a family such as your very own, exactly what are the variety of things that are supplied as presents at the time of the new daughter’s relationships?” A residential district-based dowry is not the just like a single dowry, that is paid down because of the bride’s mothers during the time of matrimony. Alternatively, issue off dowry lets merely a binary address, we.age., even when a positive amount of dowry is paid back (age.grams., Questionnaire with the Standing of women and you will Fertility in India and you will Pakistan). A digital respond to, obviously, cannot bring much info. Typical regarding if a confident dowry matter is provided matches to, which can be largely explained by, cultural, spiritual, and you can status backgrounds for the Southern area Asia.

Because the dowry isn’t legitimately prohibited inside the Pakistan, the total amount personally paid down by feminine respondent’s parents should be requested as opposed to booking inside the a beneficial Pakistani dataset for instance the Pakistan Rural Family Survey. Whether or not Pakistani interviewees will most likely not purposefully keep hidden true details about dowry strategies, the fresh survey will get still consist of remember problems given that participants have to bear in mind brand new dowry matter paid off from the the parents several years ago. Shape 1a plots of land the latest predicted quantity of real dowry thinking measured when you look at the Pakistani Rupees into the 2004 on to relationship season playing with research of the latest Pakistan Rural Family Survey. Because the consensus is that actual dowry quantity was increasing, or at least exhibit a low-decreasing trend, the new profile ways the overall inclination away from recall problems. To phrase it differently, the fresh extended brand new gap between the interviewees’ wedding and recall date, the much more likely he could be in order to overestimate the brand new dowry count.

Relationships ranging from ladies’ ounts. The latest line reveals the newest predicted actual quantity of dowry regressed on the ladies’ marriage 12 months. Brand new shaded city suggests 95% confidence interval of your own predict number of dowry. The information and knowledge sources of (a) and you will (b) was Pakistan Rural House Survey 2004, as well as the rural domestic questionnaire held from the writer from inside the 2013, correspondingly

3 Study

Into better of our very own knowledge, study gathered in this data will be very first to adopt explicitly a standard tendency to overestimate an expense repaid very long in the past. Just as the functions out-of in the past obtained studies, ours are retrospective; however, predicated on that it tendency, i for example used specific services to minimize survey bear in mind mistakes. Instance, i Kyiv hos Ukraine kvinder, der sГёger Г¦gteskab required the amount of each other area-founded dowry (non-retrospective) and private dowry count reduced in the course of the newest respondent’s relationships (retrospective). Because Pakistani dowry includes silver/precious jewelry, outfits, chairs, cooking equipment, and stuff like that, we queried dowry quantity by the item. If we experienced good respondent’s overestimation of your dowry count, especially in the fact off a married relationship one took place a number of years before, once the dowry try showed, we could and you will did consider these types of wide variety which have those who attended the fresh new service. Therefore, our very own research into predict real quantities of dowry (Fig. 1b) don’t inform you people decreasing pattern, alternatively with those individuals advertised during the Fig. 1a.

step 3.step 1 Survey

When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).